摘要
针对退役晶硅光伏组件工业化热解过程中潜在的安全风险，基于退役光伏组件热解工艺流程、物料特性及危险有害因素分布，将工艺系统划分为原料接收与预处理、热解核心、尾气处理、资源分选与回收、危险物料储存、公用辅助六个评价单元，运用危险与可操作性分析（HAZOP）方法进行系统性风险识别。分析表明，风险主要集中在热解核心单元（温控、氧含量、负压与密封失效导致热解失控及可燃气积聚）、危险物料储存单元（热解油按甲类易燃液体管理）以及尾气处理单元（HF、VOCs及酸性气体泄漏造成环境污染与人员健康危害）。在落实温度联锁、氧含量联锁、负压控制、静电接地、泄漏收集、尾气净化、消防保障及应急切断等措施后，风险可控制在可接受范围内。研究为退役光伏组件热解工艺的工程设计及安全运行提供了系统化风险防控参考。
关键词： 退役光伏组件；热解；HAZOP；风险
Abstract
Aiming at the potential safety risks during the industrial-scale pyrolysis of decommissioned crystalline-silicon photovoltaic modules, this study systematically identified risks by adopting the Hazard and Operability (HAZOP) method. Based on the pyrolysis process flow, material properties and distribution of hazardous factors, the process system was divided into six evaluation units: raw material receiving and pretreatment, core pyrolysis, tail‑gas treatment, resource separation and recovery, hazardous material storage, and utility auxiliary system. The analysis results indicate that major risks are concentrated in the core pyrolysis unit (runaway pyrolysis and combustible gas accumulation caused by failures of temperature control, oxygen‑content monitoring, negative‑pressure maintenance and equipment sealing), hazardous‑material storage unit (pyrolysis oil shall be managed as Category‑A flammable liquid), and tail‑gas treatment unit (environmental pollution and human health hazards resulting from leakage of HF, VOCs and acid gases). After implementing safety measures including temperature interlock, oxygen‑content interlock, negative‑pressure regulation, electrostatic earthing, leakage collection, tail‑gas purification, fire‑protection guarantee and emergency shut‑off, relevant risks can be controlled within an acceptable range. This research provides a systematic risk‑prevention reference for the engineering design and safe operation of the pyrolysis process for decommissioned photovoltaic modules.
Key words： Decommissioned photovoltaic modules; Pyrolysis; HAZOP; Risk
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