摘要
随着我国大型通航工程的推进，隧道内应急疏散问题因高风险而备受关注。目的 本文基于Steering模型构建应急疏散模型，以提出隧道内人员疏散策略。方法 以某通航隧道为例，结合三维建模与仿真，分析模型的合理性，识别关键疏散设施的瓶颈效应，并研究不同疏散配置下的人员疏散规律。结果 实验表明，总计1321秒（约22分钟）完成隧道单侧250人的疏散。在固定10个疏散入口，人数从100增至1000的实验中，最大疏散时间呈非线性增长；当疏散人数超过700时，浮箱入口和爬梯处的拥堵成为延长疏散时间的主要因素。此外，当固定疏散人数为500时，增加疏散入口数量显著改善疏散效率；入口数量从1增加至10时，疏散时间大幅缩短，但超过12个入口后其边际效应趋于平缓。结论 研究表明，最大疏散时间与疏散人数及入口数量密切相关。合理配置疏散设施入口可有效提升疏散效率，避免资源浪费。本研究为通航隧道内应急疏散策略设计提供理论支持，并提出优化疏散设施布局的建议。
关键词： 通航隧道；应急疏散；Steering模型；路径优化
Abstract
With the advancement of large-scale navigation projects in my country, the problem of emergency evacuation in tunnels has attracted much attention due to its high risk. Objective This paper constructs an emergency evacuation model based on the steering model to propose an evacuation strategy for personnel in the tunnel. Methods Taking a navigation tunnel as an example, combined with three-dimensional modeling and simulation, the rationality of the model is analyzed, the bottleneck effect of key evacuation facilities is identified, and the evacuation rules of personnel under different evacuation configurations are studied. Results The experiment shows that it takes a total of 1321 seconds (about 22 minutes) to complete the evacuation of 250 people on one side of the tunnel. In the experiment with 10 fixed evacuation entrances and the number of people increasing from 100 to 1000, the maximum evacuation time increased nonlinearly; when the number of evacuees exceeded 700, congestion at the pontoon entrance and the ladder became the main factor prolonging the evacuation time. In addition, when the fixed evacuation number was 500, increasing the number of evacuation entrances significantly improved the evacuation efficiency; when the number of entrances increased from 1 to 10, the evacuation time was greatly shortened, but its marginal effect tended to be flat after more than 12 entrances. Conclusion The study shows that the maximum evacuation time is closely related to the number of evacuees and the number of entrances. Reasonable configuration of evacuation facility entrances can effectively improve evacuation efficiency and avoid waste of resources. This study provides theoretical support for the design of emergency evacuation strategies in navigation tunnels, and puts forward suggestions for optimizing the layout of evacuation facilities.
Key words： Navigation tunnel; Emergency evacuation; Steering model; Path optimization
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